Gender Rolls and Roles - 950 Words

Sorry that isn’t proper for your gender. Throughout time, many things in life change, but sometimes things stay preserved. The past is the past and cannot be altered, but things can become spoiled, whether by nature or by man. Gender representation has come a long way in the past few hundred years. To this day life is still not equal for either group. The genders have portrayed for millenniums certain duties and created images people associate with both, and will not go away overnight or in a century, possibly not even in a millennium. These typical duties have been preserved by literature throughout history. One such narrative is â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, written by a man named William Faulkner written in 1930. There are mentioning’s that have†¦show more content†¦Emily had finally found a man and as soon as they no longer see him around instead of being positive, they just assume he leaves her and breaks her heart. Emily in fact actually murders this m an, but because he is a man they assume he left her. Technically, the man dying really means he leaves her but not in a sense they believe. They do not really know what has happened to this man, and they think worst case scenario for Emily. Although parents sometimes do leave their children, it doesn’t mean that they all do. Unfortunately statistics from the US. Census do not disprove this theory. According to the Census, over 30 percent of children never see their biological fathers. People shouldn’t create images of others because they read a statistic somewhere, because every mother and father are different. This idea can only be wiped away if people will take responsibility for not knowing the consequences of an unexpected child. If this happens, then people should adjust and move forward. Although gender roles are a large part of society, it is hard to admit that one day they won’t exist is, because in all reality it is impractical. Evidence of this is shown with history. We are in the 21st century and compared to the time human’s has been around, these beliefs are very modern. There is no way to control people. The only thing people can do to help with these roles is to venture out past the shells the world putsShow MoreRelatedEssay on How Do Gender Roles Get Portrayed in Disney Films?702 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction A. Definition of Gender Roles A gender role consists of characteristics that refer to a set of social and behavioral norms that are widely considered appropriate for either males or females. Gender roles are different throughout society and cultures. One gains gender roles unconsciously, consciously, or genetically due to cultural rules (Princeton). B. How film characters are seen by the audience Many people view women as weak in hopeless and males as strong and heroic in films. MaleRead MoreAbstract. Lawrence Kohlberg’S’ Theory Of Moral Development1574 Words   |  7 Pagesconsiderations. Kohlberg’s theory consists of three different levels and six stages that determines what stage a person is in according to their responses in a moral dilemma. I will discuss the research study between Mexican Americans and Anglo-Americans and gender differences when it comes to decision making in moral dilemmas. I will discuss how cross cultural differences demonstrate the distinct approaches to care and justice considerations. Kohlberg’s TheoryRead MoreThe Role Of Womens Health Care984 Words   |  4 Pagesit is now titled as, â€Å" Trump Administration Rolls Back Birth Control Mandate.† The article represents inequalities of womens health care, focusing on birth control. Trumps Administration wants to deny the rights of women insurance that covers birth control, and I believe that the role of gender and society are two main reasons why Trumps Administration would think it is acceptable to deny certain treatments for women. President Trump Administration Rolls Back Birth Control Mandate, speaks about theRead MoreRock Music and Confined Sexual Repression in the 1960s Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagesthat served escapism from reality instead of creating options and choices and brought the teen cultures to go against the mainstream culture to bring forth identities that are more coherent and ideal. Rock and roll was the most compelling commodity to enter the teen consumer culture. Gender roles being unequal created a sexist double standard and women were the object of needs and desire of men. Teen peer groups became incomparable in terms of language and style as sexual release and freedom were availableRead MoreMul The American Comedy And Action Film Produced By Walt Disney978 Words   |  4 Pagesis ported as a stereotypical woman who was being prepared to be chosen as a bride to become a wife, which was the best thing she can do during that time as women to bring honor to her family but contrast to any other Disney movie it breaks the gender roles society portray women to be. In the beginning of the movie, Mulan’s father volunteer himself to join the Chinese army because he was the only male in is family, Mulan runs to the person who is recruiting her father to beg him to let her fatherRead MoreGender Roles Within Two Different Cultures . Growing Up1337 Words   |  6 PagesGender Roles within Two Different Cultures Growing up in Iran I had automatically had less control over my autonomy. This is due to the male dominant society that has placed limitations and expectations on females. These exceptions and limitations can range from enforcing a strict dress code to not having the civil right as a female to be alone in public alone without placing herself in danger. Through socialization these have become social norms in the Iranian culture that have resulted in explicitRead MoreMovie Analysis : Titanic 1273 Words   |  6 Pagesthe gender binds she was in became the cornerstone of the theme of the movie. Rose also comically referenced Sigmund Feud when the titanic ship’s owner was talking about the ship. She argument relating the size of the titanic to the ship owner’s penis. The common theme of men with power is seen as sexual was consistent throughout the movie Women were portrayed as very conservative and traditional. Their dresses were not very revealing compared to dress of women today. In a traditional role of womenRead MoreHow Rock N Roll Changed America Essay1241 Words   |  5 Pages Rock ‘n’ roll has played a major role in some known historical developments post World War 2. Music plays a significant part in America s Cold War culture. Music gave us a sense of new technologies and helped the world to prosper. It also is linked with African Americans living in the South. Music was known for shaping the lives of the people during the 1950s and 1960s. Music was geared towards the youth, race, ethnicity, gender and class. â€Å"All Shook Up: How Rock ‘n’ Roll Changed America†Read MoreAnalysis Of I Love Lucy 1118 Words   |  5 Pagesaudience. As well as it has played an important role on the basic element of the sitcom genre. The fame of this comedy show is for the skills of the actors like Lucille Ball (Lucy) and Ricky Ricardo. This show is about the daily life of marriage. Through this show the audience can relate to middle-class couples. This young couple illustrates the experiences of a typical America marriage. This show all ows the audience to identify how the family roles and the roles of men and women should be. For example itRead MoreWomen Poverty And Trauma Summary1159 Words   |  5 Pagesrecovery process and making sense of their situation. This practice was developed, implemented, and evaluated over the course of 20 years in a nonprofit organization that was established in 1995. The founders of this organization were seeking to create a gender-specific program that served women marginalized by poverty, racism, trauma, and social systems of care. In doing so, they tailored their services towards personal growth and community engagement. This was done to promote and encourage empowerment

The Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment Essay

of economic development of the basic elements. With economic growth, population growth, rising living standards, human consumption of resources demand has been on the rise. As the majority of resources are limited and non-renewable, if the consumption pattern continues to follow, the recoverable reserves of resources will continue to decline, the sustainability of the supply of resources, will seriously endanger human survival and development. Environmental pollution will cause direct damage to the ecosystem and impact, such as desertification, forest destruction, water eutrophication, will also give ecological systems and human society caused by indirect harm, and sometimes this indirect environmental effects than the harm caused Of the direct harm is greater, more difficult to eliminate. For example, the greenhouse effect, acid rain, and ozone depletion are the environmental effects of air pollution. This environmental effect derived from environmental pollution has a lag, often at the time of pollution is not easy to be aware of or expected, but in the event that environmental pollution has developed to a very serious level. Of course, the most direct environmental pollution, the most likely to be felt by the consequences of the quality of the human environment is declining, affecting human quality of life, physical health and production activities.(http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-and-effects-of-environmental-pollution.php) Such as urban air pollutionShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment749 Words   |  3 Pagesindustry that requires urgent attention is environmental pollution. Increased economic activity produces an increasing amount of waste that producers must dispose of. Of particular interest to policymakers are air pollutants, which are easily disposed of through pipes and vents by producers at a minimal cost. Air pollution has been shown to increase respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, and increased canc er rates. Additionally, air pollution has substantially increased the amount of greenhouseRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesBackground and Analysis Air pollution is the infiltration of chemicals or toxic molecules into the atmosphere. In the global context many countries including China, the United States, Mexico, and others are haunted by pollution in the air. However each has a certain degree of air pollution different from the other. Air pollution kills animals and plants by intoxicating our bodies with harmful bacteria and chemicals. Unless our bodies become immune or we learn to clear the pollution earth s ecosystemRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment Essay785 Words   |  4 PagesAir pollution can result from both human and natural actions. Natural events that pollute the air include forest fires, volcanic eruptions, wind erosion, pollen dispersal, evaporation of organic compounds and natural radioactivity. Pollution from natural occurrences is not very often. Human action include but not limited to industrial pollution, bush burning, biomass and many others. â€Å"Air pollution is contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical or biological agentRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment1198 Words   |  5 Pages Lichens are durable and can grow in harsh environments where there is little or no soil. Lichens can tolerate severe temperatures both hot and cold. Despite their durability lichen are not impervious, many are sensitive to air pollution because they are dependent on moisture from rain for growth. Smog is a common air pollution which is the result of the burning fuels like coal and gasoline which releases sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide into the air later turning in to acids when introduce withRead MoreAir Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1210 Words   |  5 PagesAir pollution has become a huge dilemma in our environment. Pollution is caused by the toxic release of chemicals and pollutants; releasing pollutants into the atmosphere harm the planet and pose a threat to human lives. Some of these pollutants include Carbon Monoxide, lead, acid gases, and Nitrogen oxides. Most of these pollutants are caused by industrial factories and vehicle exhaust. Air pollution is a global battle and preventing it will only help decrease the existing damage. In China, airRead MoreAir Pollution And Its Effects On The Environment1613 Words   |  7 Pagesvarious exhaust gases today, a level of air pollution has significantly increased in the environment. The smog enveloping the city is the most visible and obvious sign of urban pollution. However, even invisible harmful particles can have a big impact on the quality of airspace. In general, any substance released into the environment and having an adverse effect, is an air pollution. Hazardous substances present in the air, not only affect the environment but to a greater extent on the person whoRead MoreAir Pollution And Its Effect On The Environment814 Words   |  4 PagesAir is vital to our planet, life is simply impossible without it. Air pollution â€Å"refers to the contamination of the air, irrespective of indoors or outside. A physical, biological or chemical alteration to the air in the atmosphere can be termed as pollution. It occurs when any harmful gases, dust, smoke enters into the atmosphere and makes it difficult for plants, animals and humans to survive as the air becomes dirty.† (Jacobson, 2017) Air pollution has introduced countless negative effects toRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment1261 Words   |  6 Pagescovered by plastic, and people have already used most of our sources from 29% of the earth. Air pollution is also really bad right now especially in developing countries. They burn coal so much that the carbon dioxide amount in the air is too high. On the other hand, companies do not pay attention at all on the cleaning environment where people work; therefore, it causes a lot of people ill due to the dirty environment. People waste s o many product and materials that they could recycle and use again, howeverRead MoreThe Effects Of Indoor Air Pollution On The Environment996 Words   |  4 PagesHumans, animals, and plants need air to survive, but how can they survive if the air that they breathe is polluted? Every cell in your body needs oxygen in order to live. The air that everyone breathes contains oxygen and other gases. Hazardous chemicals escape into the environment to pollute the air from numerous human activities. The ever growing combustion of fossil fuels in the last century is responsible for the biggest progressive change in the atmosphere. Despite the other numerous environmentalRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On The Environment2797 Words   |  12 PagesThe typical public, particularly sick people with upper or inferior respiratory symptoms know that severe respiratory impacts can take place due to air pollution based on the information from the media. It is vital for the relevant specialis ts to possess present information of the probable health impacts as well as the manner in which they might influence their clients in order to instruct them adequately. In particular, the specialists in the field should meticulously know that both gaseous as well

Margaret Thatcher’s “Charter Schools” Free Essays

In the United States, primary and secondary public school education, undergoes continual monitoring and discussion by government leaders, educators, and parents. According to a survey, by the National Assessment of Educational Progress, in 1994, 39 percent of fourth graders, 37 percent of eighth graders and 36 percent of twelfth graders, scored below average, on basic skills assessment tests, in the United States ( Finn, Ravitch 22-24 ). News coverage also tends to continuously broadcast that the United States lags behind global peers in pre-college education. We will write a custom essay sample on Margaret Thatcher’s â€Å"Charter Schools† or any similar topic only for you Order Now For this reason, parents, governments and educators are constantly searching for new ways to improve, and overcome learning obstacles, in education. One of the new concepts emerging is the charter school. In the United States, the charter school was modeled after Margaret Thatcher’s idea of a public school operating independently, while being funded by grants. A similar concept currently exists, for all public education, in New Zealand ( Finn et al. 48-52 ). In 1992, after the first charter law was passed, Minnesota opened City Academy, based on this concept. The charter focused on recruiting and teaching high school drop-outs ( Buechler 60-63 ). All charter schools, including this first one, are based on certain guidelines. Charters are created by normal citizens desiring to fill a specific need in their area, or to implement a new teaching method. The administration and teaching operate independently from most local school board rules, and funds are used only within the charter school. Any business, parent, teacher or group may apply to open a charter, provided they are not religiously affiliated or a private school already. A charter need only to submit paperwork outlining a curriculum, sponsor, and a place of operation, plus the goals they expect in their students. Local or state school boards then have the option to approve or disapprove of the charter. If the charter idea is accepted, the charter may begin recruitment of students. A contract written and signed between the charter and the school board usually lasts a few years and its renewal is based on positive results or goals achieved. There are also certain laws dealing with charters. A charter must be tuition free and open and free of any discrimination to all children in the district ( Olson Art. 64 ). Charters are almost entirely funded by state and national monies, which normally follow a student to their public school. The money instead will follow the student to his or her chosen charter. Charters are also sometimes funded by private individuals or companies. Arizona ammended their charter school law to create a one million dollar start-up fund. Most states do not provide start-up fees which cover building rental, supplies, teachers and administration, before children arrive at their doors. This creates a hardship for most charters when they first open and prevents others from ever opening (Buechler 60-63 ). As of February 1997, five hundred charter schools operated nationwide, offtering a variety of different curriculums ( â€Å"Schools† 27-28 ). In New Jersey, by creating a public boarding prepatory school, educators devised a way to begin to reach children in their teen years, at risk for dropping out of school. School director Gary T. Reece states, † We’ve created a safe haven here where kids can risk caring about school without suffering for it†(Cohen 16 ). The teens live in an area where schools are crowded and crime is high. ( Cohen 13 ) In Boston, three types of charters are operating within the city. City on a Hill established for high school students, adds a twist in its curriculum, by creating city hall type debates involving the students. The teens become comfortable with public speaking at a time when they usually avoid it. Another high school named Renaissance, has 205 days in the school year, plus uses integrated teaching within all the classes. Lastly, is an elementary school named Neighborhood House. This school teaches one subject within another. A writing assignment may deal with science or science may be created in art class ( â€Å"Schools† 27-28 ). Add to these examples, charters which stress technology, basic academics, smaller classes, discipline, on-line teaching, home study, whole language, afrocentism, back-to- basics, and those that cater to high-school drop-outs and gifted students. Some charters also partner with zoos, museums, businesses, unions, or community groups ( Buechler 60-63 ) . As a Principal of Harriet Tubman Village School Charter, Roger Sciarretta states, â€Å"The only thing consistent about charter schools is that they’re all different. â€Å"Each one has it’s own flavor and style† ( Anderson 1A+ ) . In Florida, the Charter School law was adopted in 1996 and as of the 1997-98 school year, thirty-three were operating statewide ( Saunders ). As to why it took till 1996, Betty Golzendorf, D-Jacksonville said, â€Å"If Florida is going to start Charter Schools, then they should be the best Charter Schools in the country† ( Patterson B-1 ). Charters in Florida receive 52,000 dollars as a start-up fee, to help alleviate some of the difficulties before admitting students. Charters also can apply for any funds the government grants for low income or disabilities ( MacDonald ). Ninety-five percent of student fees, usually received by a district, follow the charter student to their selected charter ( Pendleton B-1 ). Before accepting students, a Florida charter must be approved by the local school board, and if denied, may appeal to the State Board of Education ( Saunders ). A Florida charter may be created by groups of citizens, teachers, individuals or legal entities. Private schools and religious organizations are barred from forming a charter school. The charter must also, be open to all children, and follow health, safety, welfare and civil rights laws. Each district is allowed so many charters according to their population. If a district has 100,000 or more people, they may have seven charters established per year. A population of 50,000- 100,000 may create five charters per year. Populations under 50,000 people are allowed three charters per year. (Pendleton B-1 ). In Duval County, five charter schools are currently open, and all are geared towards helping middle school children. Radar Schools focuses on behavior, academics, and truancy. The Police Athletic League is housing and supporting the school (Saunders). Daniel Payne Academy stresses technological curriculum for sixth graders, two years behind grade level . The students receive individual testing, with a focus on building self-esteem and discipline. The students are also required to wear uniforms, and parental involvement is encouraged (Desmon A-1 ). Daniel Payne Academy, School of Success Academy and Empowering Young Minds, all must deal with raising student test scores to meet the Duval County Average of a 49 percentile in reading and 50 percentile in math. Because these schools focus on children in middle school that are behind grade level academically their students averages are below the county average (MacDonald ). In their creation, charters were not meant to replace the public school system. Charter supporters feel that seeking different options for schooling will enhance the current public school system. This in turn, will boost the academic standing in our nation, placing us alongside our foreign counterparts. How to cite Margaret Thatcher’s â€Å"Charter Schools†, Papers

Impact Of Immigration Detention On Children - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuiss about the Impact Of Immigration Detention On Children. Answer: Introduction In many developed countries Like Australia and UK, a policy of Immigrant detention is prevalent which includes detention of individual who are suspected of illegal entry, visa violations or unauthorized arrival. Those individuals are detained for a prolonged amount of time until the immigration authorities decide to grant visa and release them to their respective community. In this report, various issues related to detention of children and possible ways to solve the issues with the help of Catholic Social Teaching principles has been discussed. Considering the fact that detention or confinement for a prolonged amount of time does hinders both the psychological and physical development of a child, it has been concluded that detention of children should be irradiated. Issues of Children in Detention: There are a vast majority of students that are subjected to the detention centers of the Australia and almost the 90 % of the students that are in the detention centers are the refugees seeking care in the detention centers. These children are retained in the refugee detention centers until they have been claim of refuge, and hence are subjected to the suffering of living conditions that are specifically below the normal standards. According to the recent statistics shared by the immigrant maternal and child health convention of Australia, the detention centers have a significant detrimental impact on the physical and psychological health and wellbeing of the residents. Along with that, in many of the reports it has been also been stated that the traumatic experiences faced by the children in the detention centers are the major reason behind the residual distress on their mental sanity (Massaro, 2015). According to the most of the research, the hardships driven environment of the detention centers and the below standards living conditions also facilitate psychological disorders like anxiety, depression, withdrawal symptoms, and self- destructive disorders. On a more elaborative note, the statistics state that among the children living in the detention centers, 77% have been reported to be dealing with symptoms of anxiety, 86% have been reported to be dealing with depression and most alarmingly, almost half of the detention center resident children have been reported to show early symptoms of post traumatic stress disorder. The most important fact is the lack of basic resources and necessary treatment for the children, it has been reported frequently that the detention center resident refugee children are going through varied levels of malnutrition, and eventually they go through developmental disorders and various other complications. Elaborating more on the treatment needs that these children are denied, many of the detention stuck children have been reported with vision disabilities, speech disabilities, and lack of self stimulation in the detention centers (Jureidini Burnside, 2011). Coming to the abuse and neglect, many of the authors have stated that the children in detention have developed the physical and mental distresses not just due to the lack of basic resources. The trauma of the abuse and neglect that the children face in the detention centers impart a severe negative impact that retains even after the years of stay in the detention centers are passed. Hence, it can be safely concluded that the experience of the stay in the detention centers impart an effect that alters the developmental progress of the children and the chance of leading a healthy life, hence there is need for interventions on a massive scale (Coffey et al., 2010). Recommendations to solve the issues: It has to be mentioned that the rate of children living in the detention centres in Australia is higher than any other country due to the long- standing practice of Australia of detaining the children in that enter the Australian ground by the means of unauthorized access. However, despite the reforms and policies attempting to improve the living conditions of children in the detention centres, still the lack of basic resources like food, treatment, psychological aid and even the lack of parental support affect the children, their overall health and developmental pace. The lack of proper nutrition and resources contribute to the extreme lack of sense safety and security in the children that live in the detention centres, the basic integrity of living is hampered of the children (Brown et al., 2013). According to the principles of the catholic social teaching or CST, there are four key pillars, human dignity, the common good, solidarity and subsidiarity. The principle of human dignity states that the sacredness of human life can only be respected when each and every individual has the right to inherent dignity and worth in the living. And on the other hand, the principles of common good states that each individual of the community or group holds equal responsibility for the welfare for the others, and every individual is expected to advocate for the rights and needs for all the members of the community and the society in general. Now it can be mentioned in this context that in case of the children in the detention centers these two basic principles of catholic social thought has been violated significantly as the children are neither living with dignity nor have any decisive abilities over their living conditions. As recommendations, the first and foremost action that needs to be taken includes protecting the basic human rights of this children; and a few steps have already been taken by the Australian immigration control centre and the Australian catholic social justice council. The basic reform needs that have been identified include the need for ending the mandatory detention of any children with unauthorized access, the proposed alternative supportive policies will focus on fostering out these children as early as possible so that the children need to spend as little time as possible in the detention centre environment (Hodes, 2010). However, it has to be mentioned that there is need for better advocating the various needs of such children. For instance, three of the very basic needs that have been identified for such children is the lack of basic resources like food, treatment and support, educational needs and along with the physical and mental abuse coupled with the neglect that these children are facing (Kronick, Rousseau Cleveland, 2011). There is need for human rights agencies and communities to come forward and advocate the need for better nutrition and food resources for the children. Along with that, the children stuck in the coastal detention centres of Australia rarely get any modes of education for themselves and have no clear idea regarding their own civil rights. Hence, there is need for educational seminars and workshops arranged for these children so that they can get the chance to understand their own rights and can therefore fight for these rights. Lastly, according to the principles of the CST , each human being has a right to a dignified existence, and the physical and mental abuses to the children in the detention centres violate the basic human dignity effectively (Barrett Baker, 2012). Another recommendation that can put an end to the abuse is a little infrastructure up- gradation of the detention homes for enhancing safety of children and other residents. Such as surveillance, system and cameras in the detention centres can monitor the living condition of the children and can reduce the consequences of abuse. Lastly the need for community action is extremely important, only government action without active not for profit community engagement would not be able to improve the present predicament. In addition, it can be hoped that with active advocacy from the community itself for the rights of the these children, the situation can be improved (Farmer, 2013). Conclusion From the above report, it can be concluded that since child detention is imposing hazardous and long-term effect on children, this practice should be stopped as soon as possible. Effective measures should be taken to improve the lives of children who are residing in the detention centers. People should be educated about the evil effects of child detention and thus promotion of common good should be done with the association of CST. Effective measures should be taken to irradiate the suffering of children who are being detained for a prolonged amount of time without any proper reason. Considering the negative effect of child detention, the government should impose new policies to irradiate this practice and implement an alternative way, which will serve the common good. Reference List Barrett, M. S., Baker, J. S. (2012). Developing learning identities in and through music: A case study of the outcomes of a music programme in an Australian juvenile detention centre.International Journal of Music Education,30(3), 244-259. Brown, H. E., Pearson, N., Braithwaite, R. E., Brown, W. J., Biddle, S. J. (2013). Physical activity interventions and depression in children and adolescents.Sports medicine,43(3), 195-206. Coffey, G. J., Kaplan, I., Sampson, R. C., Tucci, M. M. (2010). The meaning and mental health consequences of long-term immigration detention for people seeking asylum.Social science medicine,70(12), 2070-2079. Farmer, A. (2013). The impact of immigration detention on children.Forced Migration Review, (44), 14. Heyer, K. E. (2012). Reframing Displacement and Membership: Ethics of Migration.Theological Studies,73(1), 188-206. Hodes, M. (2010). The mental health of detained asylum seeking children.European child adolescent psychiatry,19(7), 621-623. Isaacs, D. (2015). Nauru and detention of children.Journal of paediatrics and child health,51(4), 353-354. Jureidini, J., Burnside, J. (2011). Children in immigration detention: a case of reckless mistreatment.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,35(4), 304-306. Kronick, R., Rousseau, C., Cleveland, J. (2011). Mandatory detention of refugee children: A public health issue?.Paediatrics child health,16(8), e65-e67. Massaro, T. (2015).Living justice: Catholic social teaching in action. Rowman Littlefield.